Standard approaches to environmental and natural resource use externalities generally focus on single-sector resources and user groups. Remedies include Pigouvian-style government constraints, small group controls following Elinor Ostrom, or less frequently, bargaining across users as outlined...

1. Economics and ecosystem-based management -- 2. Frameworks for economic evaluation -- 3. Modeling human behavior -- 4. Nonmarket valuation of ecosystem services and environmental resources -- 5. Incorporating uncertainty into economic decision frameworks -- 6. Regulatory methods and governance...