This paper studies the extent to which the impact on consumer spending differs between temporary and permanent, as well as anticipated and unanticipated tax changes. To discriminate between them, we use institutional information such as legal distinction between temporary and permanent tax...

The NiCoCrAlYTa coating was prepared on Ni-based single crystal super-alloys by low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS). The phases and microstructures for the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and the fracture toughness and micro-hardness for both...