Liquid markets generate hundreds or thousands of ticks (the minimum change in price a security can have, either up or down) every business day. Data vendors such as Reuters transmit more than 275,000 prices per day for foreign exchange spot rates alone. Thus, high-frequency data can be a...

The contributions of this article are twofold. First, the performance of a widely used commercial real-time trading model is compared with the performance of systematic currency traders. Second, the real-time trading model is used to evaluate the statistical properties of foreign exchange rates....