Ten factories in Spain (eight non‐Japanese‐owned plants and two Japanese transplants) were evaluated using the Kobayashi 20‐key scoring method on issues such as cleanliness, quick set‐up practices, coupled manufacturing, level production scheduling, quality assurance policies, small...

The progress towards a common European market as well as the implementation of JIT, MRP and other systems may lead to the need to reevaluate and possibly centralise the distribution systems of firms operating in Europe. How four firms analysed and changed their European logistics structures of...