Following a value-theoretic and class-based approach, it is argued in this paper that ecological problems are inseparably linked to the process of extracting surplus value in capitalism and, owing to their adverse impacts, instigate struggles over the appropriation of nature. These struggles...

The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005. Emissions reductions targets established by the protocol will be met by domestic policies and by three international flexible mechanisms: clean development, joint implementation, and emissions trading. Following a value-theoretic and...