In the presence of output subsidization, the optimal output subsidy is identical and profits, output and social welfare are also identical irrespective of whether (i)a public firm moves simultaneously with n private firms or (ii) it acts as a Stackelberg leader or (iii) all firms, public and...

This paper examines the optimal environmental policy in a differentiated goods duopoly with either price- or quantity-setting firms, where firms invest in environmental R&D that reduces emissions. It is shown that in quantity (Cournot) competition, the emission tax is always lower than marginal...