Purpose – Today, it is becoming increasingly important for manufacturers to develop cooperative relationships with distributors and obtain customized distribution services. Previous research has suggested that, with specified assets, manufacturers might “hold up” distributors and that such...

Franchisors face a tradeoff between centralization of decision rights and decentralization of decision rights. Regarding the problem, we developed a causal model considering that the relationship between non-contractibility of assets and the allocation of decision rights is not constant, but is...

Why so many givers become anxious in gift giving? Wooten (2000) provided an answer to the question by proposing a model of gifting anxiety. However, his model is lack of quantitative analysis to support its empirical adequacy. This study aims to expand Wooten's model with additional nine...

This study developed a self-gifting intention model which describes that consumer intention to purchase self-gift in an achievement context is influenced by four factors, i.e., the amount of effort, happiness of success/sadness of failure, the necessary of recovery, and reward/therapeutic mood....

Most research has shown that positive electric word-of-mouth (e-WOM) has positive effects, while negative e-WOM has negative effects on consumer attitude towards a product. However, negative e-WOM may have positive impacts rather than negative impacts. Using ANOVA in three experiments, this...

Callus induced from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides, a medicinal woody plant, was cultivated to produce a factor capable of enhancing collagen synthesis in animal cells (FECS). However, the callus was too rigid to be divided into small pieces by a hydrodynamic force during the cultivation, which...