the middle Ages than at the beginning of modern times, and that the height of the Portuguese and Spaniards did not differ … much from that enjoyed by other Europeans in the Age of Enlightenment. At the beginning of industrialization height … deteriorated in both countries, earlier in Spain than in Portugal, between 1840 and 1900 recruitments. Since then, human growth has …

by means of secular trends in height. The data pertain to Elche, a town in the Valencia region of southeastern Spain that … witnessed early and rapid industrial development in the context of Spain's delayed industrialisation and experienced strong … much improvement to workers' living conditions. The consequences to health and nutrition of Spain's Civil War and its …

This article presents an overview of the study of living standards in Spain from the perspective of anthropometric … anthropometric indicators. The paper provides new evidence on the changes in height among different socioeconomic groups and its …

statistical approach we develop enables comparisons of the full distributions of height data from potential army conscripts across … France’s 88 departments for most of the nineteenth century. These comparisons are made by testing for differences …

The height of the French male population of the Ancien Régime is estimated, on the basis of military records, to have … decline of the second half of the 18th century was not more severe than elsewhere in Europe. France was not suffering from a …, which clearly fuelled the fires of revolution. The height of the French upper classes was 7 cm above average, but, that, too …

This paper examines the urban-rural differences of the height during the early stages of modern economic growth and … industrialization in Spain. Its aim is to explore the extent of the urban penalty, and the changes of biological welfare in the cities … and villages, in the rural and urban areas. We use height data of military recruitment records between 1857 and 1936, that …

We analyze the first representative series of individual measurements of the height of Swiss conscripts for the years … 1875–1950. We find that average height followed a general upward time trend, but the economic downturn in the 1880s slowed … cyclicality of deviations from average height, was likely to be affected by cycles in economic activity. …