The importance of temporal variability in risk has recently come to the forefront of research examining the behavioral ecology of predator--prey relationships. Temporal variability has been known to drive patterns of behavioral responses associated with foraging, reproduction, and territorial...

Predation is an important selection pressure acting on prey behavior. Although numerous studies have shown that when predation risk is high, prey tend to increase vigilance and reduce foraging effort, until recently, few studies have looked at how temporal patterns of risk influence the...

Because "odd" individuals often suffer disproportionately high rates of predation, solitary individuals should join groups whose members are most similar to themselves in appearance. We examined group-choice decisions by individuals in armored and nonarmored species and predicted that either (1)...