Ontario's universal health insurance system has placed few constraints on the clinical and economic autonomy of medical doctors. Although fees are standardized, most physicians remain in private fee-for-service practice and thereby retain control of the mix and volume of services. Utilization...

Health services in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) are provided by a mixture of public and private providers and institutions. Estimates of total health-related expenditure for 1985 range between 5.3% and 5.9% of gross national product (GNP), divided on approximately a 55:45 basis between...