This paper analysed the determinants of South African exports of raw hides and skins (other than fur skins) and leather (H41) using annual data covering the period 1997 to 2004 for 32 main trading partners. The results show that importer’s GDP, South Africa’s GDP, importer’s population,...

We propose four different GMM estimators that allow almost consistent estimation of the structural parameters of panel probit models with fixed effects for the case of small T and large N. The moments used are derived for each period from a first order approximation of the mean of the dependent...

Across many disciplines, the fixed effects estimator of linear panel data models is the default method to estimate causal effects with nonexperimental data that are not confounded by time-invariant, unit-specific heterogeneity. One feature of the fixed effects estimator, however, is often...