, it decreases investment in the subsequent competition and also dampens the overall investment across the two stages. In … addition, an increase in interalliance competition decreases investments in the focal alliance but increases investment in the … competition outside the scope of the alliance. …

We model a two-candidate electoral competition in which there is uncertainty about a policy-relevant state of the world … candidates are able to credibly communicate their information to voters through their choice of policy platforms. Our results … show that the fact that private information is dispersed between the candidates creates a strong incentive for them to bias …