Totally generalisable theories of firm internationalisation in the post-industrial era of international business, where national barriers are becoming less significant and technology becoming more influential, appear to be illusory. Stepwise or evolutionary models that predict gradual...

Outsourcing and offshoring are changing the nature of the firm, and producing unprecedented international relocation of economic activity. We engage with Williamson’s (1996) challenge to organizational scholars to address ‘which transactions go where and why?’ to explain the...

Growing scientific evidence suggests that human-induced climate change will bring about large-scale forced international migration and resettlement, with potentially millions of people displaced by coastal flooding, extreme weather events and agricultural disruptions. The probable occurrence of...

The relationship between aspects of environmental uncertainty, such as dynamism and hostility, and entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has been well established in the literature. Drawing predominantly on perceptions of uncertainty, there is general consensus that dynamism and hostility nurtures...

A corollary of the principle of comparative advantage is that international trade will lead to economic convergence between countries. This encouragement of development makes trade a central part of the economic policies of agencies such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank....

Business Globalization carries with it a justification based in part on democracy in markets: equal opportunity in market exchange. Markets admit all comers; outcomes are determined by endowments of quality, efficiency, and merit. In this way businesses, governments, organizations and...

Co-production and strategic partnerships may generate valuable learning opportunities for firms to access to the knowledge and expertise of their partners. Such sharing and transfer of knowledge has become an increasingly common way for organising corporate finance and resources. However, not...

Internationalisation occurs when the firm expands its selling, production, or other business activities into international markets. Many enterprises, especially small- and medium-size firms (SMEs), are internationalising today at an unprecedented rate. Managers are strategically using...

Terrorism poses both direct and indirect threats to the operations of the firm. It represents a market imperfection that increases transaction costs and creates barriers to the free flow of goods, affecting potential gains that would occur in the presence of unhindered exchange. Terrorism...

The internationalisation process of firms has attracted much research interest since the 1970s. It is noted, however, that a significant research gap exists in studies with a primary focus on the pre-internationalisation behaviour of firms. This paper proposes the incorporation of a...