Free riding can be made more costly by increasing either the probability of being caught or the severity of the punishment. However, neither option is without cost. What is the tradeoff between these strategies? In this study, we introduce an exogenous punishment mechanism that varies the...

U.S. students often rank poorly on standardized tests that estimate and compare educational achievements. We investigate whether this might reflect not only differences in ability but also differences in effort on the test. We experimentally offer students incentives to put forth effort in two...

Studies show that free-form communication facilitates cooperation better thanrestricted communication. We investigate the reasons for this by comparing variouscommunication protocols in a sequential game where the buyer sets the price andthen the seller determines the quality. At the beginning...