Analysing the vertical distribution of nutrient salts and estimating the total mass of lake nutrients is helpful for the management of lake nutrient status and the formulation of drainage standards in basins. However, studies on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in lakes have focused on obtaining...

We use stock exchange message data to quantify the negative aspect of high-frequency trading, known as "latency arbitrage." The key difference between message data and widely-familiar limit order book data is that message data contain attempts to trade or cancel that fail. This allows the...

The pharmaceutical, biotechnology and life sciences industry was worth approximately US$1 trillion in 2010, of which 73.2% was attributed to pharmaceuticals, 25% to biotechnology and the remainder to life sciences. Regenerative medicines, which use live cells to cure previously incurable...