This contribution to the discussion on the impact of foreign direct investment in developing countries is based on an empirical study of the consequences of transnational corporations' presence in the Mexican retailing sector, particularly Wal-Mart. First, it is shown that the arrival of foreign...

The ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) literature has provided ample empirical evidence for asymmetric transfer of material and energy resources from low-income to high-income countries. However, research has not been able to clearly specify the causal mechanisms driving these processes. This...