Transportation is the second largest overhead cost to humanitarian organizations after personnel. The international 4x4 Field Vehicle Fleet size is estimated between 70,000 and 80,000 units with a cost above $1 billion per year. Nevertheless, academic knowledge about fleet management in...

This paper studies 4x4 vehicle replacement within the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), one of the largest humanitarian organizations. ICRCpolicy sets the replacement of vehicles at 5 years or 150,000 Km, whichever comes first. Using field data collected at the ICRC headquarters...

This study contributes to the debate on the environmental impacts of academic conferences by comparing the life cycle impacts of a sample of real-world in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences with different features and organizers. Results show that virtual formats reduce impacts by 2-3...

The increasing number of returns of products and the items used for their distribution has become an important topic for many companies all over the world due to increasing competition and environmental legislation. Closed-Loop Supply Chains (CLSC)may offer companies an unique opportunity to...