This paper measures the industry‐specific real effective exchange rate (REER) for China by matching domestic and foreign industry‐level price and trade data series. We find that after 2005 the REER appreciates more in the “chemical, plastics, rubber and fuels industry” and the...

This paper reviews international measures of the digital economy with those developed by Chinese officials and private sources. Given their lack of comparability, we use China’s input and output and census data to come up with an internationally comparable estimate of China’s size of the...

The Belt and Road Initiative, recently embarked on by China, aims to improve cross-border infrastructure in order to reduce transportation costs across a massive geographical area between China and Europe. We estimate how much trade might be created among Belt and Road countries as a consequence...

Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are one of the main obstacles preventing China and the European Union from agreeing on a bilateral investment agreement (BIT). Given the benefits that both China and EU could obtain from a BIT, the question of SOEs should be addressed in the most effective...

This paper analyses empirically how increasingly close trade relations between China and Russia might affect the European Union (EU). We show that EU countries are complementary to Russia on the Chinese market. However, Chinese exports are increasingly relevant substitutes for EU exports on the...