Motivations for introducing a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) could range from a rapid decline in the use of physical cash or financial inclusion strategies to an underdeveloped retail payment market. The COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of global stablecoins proposals have...

We estimate the demand for transaction and non-transaction cash balances in Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden and Norway over the last decades using the seasonal method. These countries share many features that are relevant for cash demand, but nevertheless show large differences in terms of...