This article empirically examines, the structure of relationships between business service firms and their clients, in particular, the allocation of control rights to the intellectual assets created in joint projects. Business service firms are a distinctive case because their 'product' is...

Despite the proliferation of arrangements to outsource or cooperate in Research and Development, the benefits and costs of alternative organizational forms are not very well understood. This paper develops a supermodularity model to highlight the conditions under which internal or external modes...

In this paper we construct an intuitive measure of technological distance. We compare it to previously used measures and show that it satisfies a desirable independence axiom that other commonly used measures fail to satisfy.

This empirical study examines knowledge creation activities in business service firms. Using survey data of 167 Finnish knowledge-intensive business service firms, I explore hypotheses about the organization of learning and innovation. Results from an exploratory factor analysis combined with...

This empirical study examines small firms' strategies for capturing returns to investments in innovation. We find that small firms' strategies are qualitatively different from those found in earlier studies of both small and large firms. Most of the small firms examined here find informal means...

This empirical study compares the determinants of innovation in manufacturing and services through descriptive and regression analyses of sales from innovative products and services. A particular focus is on the effects of R&D investments and breadth in knowledge sourcing and innovation...