Abstract Due to both several criteria for participating in a European Monetary Union and a fixed schedule the process of monetary integration in Europe is stuck in a dilemma. Watering down these conditions would cause problems concerning both stability and acceptance, whereas giving up the time...

Summary Using empirical tests on 52 industrial sectors, this paper shows that industrial agglomeration has increased significantly in Europe since 1972. However, important differences can be observed between the sectors. These differences suggest that discrepancies between EU countries - which...