The fundamental problem of external validity is not to generalize from one experiment, so much as to experimentally test generalizable theories. That is, theories that explain the systematic variation of causal effects across contexts. Here we show how the graphical language of causal diagrams...

The fundamental problem of external validity is not to generalize from one experiment, so much as to experimentally test generalizable theories. That is, theories that explain the systematic variation of causal effects across contexts. Here we show how th

With the rapid growth of omnichannel retailing, digitally native retailers are increasingly opening physical stores. A critical issue for many digitally native retailers is to estimate the causal effect of a new store opening on their online sales. To assess the causal effect, a randomized...

This study explores the causes and impact of predatory online publishing on Islamic economics and finance and takes a literature scan to identify the origin and expansion of predatory publishing, as references listed in the paper show. The personal experience and observation of the author over...

Econometric Methodology is based on logical positivist principles. Since logical positivism has collapsed, it is necessary to re-think these foundations. We show that positivist methodology has led econometricians to a meaningless search for patterns in the data. An alternative methodology which...

Leamer first pointed out that a regression model is valid only if all of the assumptions under which it is constructed are valid. In particular, this means that all of relevant regressors which are determinants must be included. In practice, applied econometricians assume that whatever model...

Econometric Methodology is based on logical positivist principles. Since logical positivism has collapsed, it is necessary to re-think these foundations. We show that positivist methodology has led econometricians to a meaningless search for patterns in the data. An alternative methodology which...

Selecting proper methods of data modelling is crucial in geosciences, as effective data visualization enables better understanding of complex geological phenomena: processes, structure and dynamics. Various approaches of the data analysis by R language include both traditional methods of linear...