This paper explores investment characteristics of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). We show that the EU ETS demonstrates significant price volatility, risk-adjusted return under-performance and positive correlations with international...

We examine the weak-form efficiency status of the European carbon market over periods of sustained volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity. We use 1,035 daily spot price data observations from the Phase II European Union Emissions Trading Scheme from 2008 to 2012, along with random...