The existence of the pricing kernel is shown to imply the existence of an ambient information process that generates market filtration. This information process consists of a signal component concerning the value of the random variable X that might be interpreted as the timing of future cash...

This is the second paper presenting noise-reduced, stable correlations for long-term risk measurement. We smooth time series using Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) and then form the correlations from these smoothed time series. These correlations have superior time stability and are cleaned of...

We consider an extension of the Roll model where the trade direction, i.e. whether the trade is buyer or seller initiated, is multiplied by the dynamic quoted half-spread. Employing tick-by-tick maximum likelihood estimation on S&P 500 constituents, we find that the efficient price is quite...