a higher share of female classmates on students' disruptive behavior, engagement, test scores, and major choices in … disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged schools. We exploit the random assignment of students to classrooms in early high school in … students that contains a large and diverse set of school qualities, and household incomes, and b) we measure disruption and …

a higher share of female classmates on students' disruptive behavior, engagement, test scores, and major choices in … disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged schools. We exploit the random assignment of students to classrooms in early high school in … students that contains a large and diverse set of school qualities, and household incomes, and b) we measure disruption and …

While nearly all colleges and universities in the United States use academic probation as a means to signal to students … college may serve as a short term "wake up call" to some students, in that second semester performance is improved. However …, our findings also suggest that this short term boost in performance fades out over time and students who are on academic …

previously-estimated average effects to predict benefits. Moreover, it suggests that interventions that target all students would …