Countries' economic complexity, and the associated diversification and sophistication of their exports, is a key … sophistication of the most complex product exported by local firms increases in tandem with the presence of multinational enterprises …

vertical spillovers and undertake stochastic frontier analysis to estimate the production and inefficiency function. The … managerial expertise. Policymakers should also ensure that the benefits of FDI spillovers outweigh their disadvantages. This … study contributes to extending recent empirical literature on the possibility of spillovers in the Indonesian automotive …