affect their employment chances - by adopting citizenship, acquiring work experience, or signaling religious practice - or … their employment chances by any of the tested means. Rather, ethnic hierarchies are critical: callback rates decline … employment chances. These findings highlight that immigrants have few tools at their disposal to escape ethnic penalties and that …

above – and employment rates and wages far below – those of majority populations. One issue which has received relatively … attention concerns the 'double' discrimination facing Roma women. Not only do Roma women face poorer employment and wage …