This paper studies whether high-frequency trading (HFT) increases the execution costs of institutional investors. We use technology upgrades that lower the latency of the London Stock Exchange to obtain variation in the level of HFT over time. Following upgrades, the level of HFT increases....

High-frequency trading has led to widespread efforts to reduce information propagation delays between physically distant exchanges. Using relativistically correct millisecond-resolution tick data, we document a three millisecond decrease in one-way communication time between the Chicago and New...

The arrival of high-frequency traders (HFTs) coincided with the entry of new markets and, subsequently, strong fragmentation of the order flow. These trends might be related as new markets serve HFTs who seek low fees and high speed. New markets only thrive on competitive price quotes that...

This paper examines the order submission strategies and supply of liquidity by high-frequency participants versus the remainder of participants in the limit order book. The results show that high-frequency participants submit orders at multiple prices in the limit order book, concentrated at or...

Using comprehensive electronic data collected directly from NASDAQ systems, we assess the impact of changes in electronic message traffic on predicting short-term changes in prices, spreads and quoted depth levels. We document evidence that message traffic at, and nearby, the inside quotes...

We study order aggressiveness of market-making high-frequency traders (MM-HFTs), opportunistic HFTs (Opp-HFTs), and non-HFTs. We find that MM-HFTs follow their own group's previous order submissions more than they follow other traders’ orders. Opp-HFTs and non-HFTs tend to split market orders...

We examine clustering of transaction prices in a sample that contains high-frequency trading firms’ transactions. We separate our sample into four categories: transactions with a high-frequency trading firm on both sides of the transaction, on only one side of the transaction (either liquidity...

We study the intraday price impact of algorithmic trading (AT) on futures markets. We find that AT exhibits a strong reverse U-shape intraday pattern, and greater AT activity is related to lower effective spreads, higher realized spreads and lower adverse selection risk, which suggests that...

The challenge of understanding complex systems often gives rise to a multiplicity of models. It is natural to consider whether the outputs of these models can be combined to produce a system prediction that is more informative than the output of any one of the models taken in isolation. And, in...