fertility setting. In the model of a small open economy, higher fertility is associated with a reduction of lifetime labor … supply. The optimum share of fertility-related pensions is always below unity, but generally positive. The former is true … demonstrated that child allowances are equivalent to fertility-related pensions as instruments to achieve an efficient allocation. …

Since 1989 fertility and family formation have declined sharply in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet … Union. Fertility rates are converging on - and sometimes falling below - rates in Western Europe, most of which are below …

Grandmothers’ availability for childcare has been shown to increase the labor force participation (LFP) and fertility … between mothers’ LFP and daughters’ LFP and fertility choices. We show that even though grandmothers who participate in the …