Although political risk assessments have incorporated political violence and acts of terrorism into consideration of where the dangers lay for many decades, the acts of September 11, 2001 have shifted the focus of what is more impactful in international business and investment. Handling many of...

The paper presents a treatment for the measurement and disclosure of market and credit risks in the context of capital adequacy regulation. The proposed approach is in conformity with the Basle Committee's latest proposal on risk measurement, and is based on the Value-at-Risk (VaR) methodology....

The events of September 11, 2001 have triggered great interest in the identification, assessment, and management of “extreme events.” In this article, we offer a new mathematical framework for the development of financial risk management techniques to address these exposures. Based upon our...

This study examines the underlying factors which influence and cross-sectionally explain differences in the degree of dividend smoothing of firms. Differences in corporate dividend smoothing are documented by estimating the sensitivity of corporations' dividend payout ratios to changes in...

The existence of risks is a premise in business-related matters, mainly in the exploration of international opportunities. Organizations seeking to operate abroad are potentially more susceptible to the risks that exist internationally. This study follows the behavioral approaches to...

For much of the twentieth century, industrialized nations addressed social problems, such as workers' compensation benefits and social welfare programs, in terms of spreading risk. But in recent years a new approach has emerged: using risk both as a way to conceive of and address social problems...