ideal for investigating this question. There, students are placed in exam schools based on a high-stakes national … large achievement gains and improved university placements for high achieving students. …

students. We randomly assign around 10,000 middle school students in Karnataka, India, to alternative peer learning treatments … statistically and economically significant for students at the bottom of the ability distribution. We develop theoretical conditions …

Previous studies on the effects on students' test scores of their peers' socioeconomic status (SES) have reported …