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magnitude than the positive redistribution operated by direct taxes and transfers. Third, cross-country differences in the …
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This paper investigates how the distribution of income changes when the standard definition of disposable income is replaced by an extended income concept which takes into account the three 'I's: indirect taxes, imputed rent, and in-kind benefits. Second, it assesses how sensitive the...
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monotonicity. Efficiency: redistribution has no cost. Symmetry: members of the society with the same performance obtain the same … reward after redistribution. Monotonicity: whenever both the performance of a certain member of the society as well as the … overall performance of the society do not decrease, then this member's reward after redistribution does not decrease. …
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