In this paper, we investigate the impact of the potential entry by an entrant on the incumbent supply chain that consists of a manufacturer and a retailer. We show that depending on the magnitude of the entrant's selling cost, one of the following three scenarios occurs in equilibrium, namely,...

To mitigate the farmer poverty and income inequality, many developing countries have introduced subsidy schemes to improve the incomes of farmers. Two commonly observed schemes are the input-based subsidies, which aim to reduce the input purchasing costs of farmers, and the output-based...