conflict and more intense fighting. …

becomes more serious, the players devote fewer resources to the intra-group conflict. Moreover, there is also a '€˜reversed …

We investigate situations in which players make costly contributions as group members in a group conflict, and at the … asymmetry and complementarity in members' efforts, and analyze how each group's internal conflict in-fluences its chance of … winning in the external conflict. We find that a more symmetric group may expend more effort in external conflict when the …

dynamics and for internal conflict than is commonly acknowledged in both empirical and theoretical research. …

We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between … the time of the election. We exploit this variation to analyze the causal effect of a divided conclave on conflict. We … find that an increase of one standard deviation in our measure of polarization raised the likelihood of internal conflict …

polarization, a key mechanism theorized as increasing the chances of violent conflict, remains less understood. We argue that …

nations, as in a strategic game of international conflict handing over military spending decisions to citizens who face a …