An important contributory factor to the bullwhip effect (i.e. the variance amplification of order quantities observed in supply chains) is the replenishment rule used by supply chain members. First the bullwhip effect induced by the use of different forecasting methods in order-up-to...

Increasingly, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are offering integrated solutions of products and services (product service systems (PSS)). To be successful in a service strategy, the OEM has to be able to provide services at a lower cost than the do-it-yourself alternative of the...