Before the transition governments had strong distributional objectives, which they pursued mainly by direct controls over state enterprise wage rates and hiring decisions, yielding a highly compressed wage distribution. During the reform they maintained similar controls over state enterprises,...

We study changes in the wage structures in nine EU countries over 1995-2002 and the role of demand, supply and institutional developments in shaping these changes. Using comparable cross-country microeconomic data, we compute for each country and at each decile of the wage distribution, the part...

The aim of this paper is to compare in an empirical way the male/female wage gap differential between the following two countries : France, an industrialized country where the disparities between sexes are outstandingly small, and Japan, where they are particularly large. It is also proposed to...

This Selected Issues paper assesses the fiscal risk impact of various events in Tonga and describes the challenges implied for fiscal management. The paper discusses that the Tongan government has made various efforts to limit the budgetary implications of the recent economic and political...

This 2008 Article IV Consultation highlights that Tonga’s economy has shown resilience in the aftermath of the November 2006 riots and is now on a path to recovery. The key factor underpinning this resilience has been private investment. Donor-supported government reconstruction loans are...

Firms can use repayment agreements in order to protect their training investments in case a worker leaves the firm after training took place. In this empirical research note, I use linked employer-employee data to estimate the impact of industrial relations and wage structures on the probability...