The average internal rate of return (AIRR), introduced by Magni (2010), fixes many deficiencies associated with the traditional internal rate of return (IRR), including apparent inconsistency with net present value (NPV). The AIRR approach breaks down project NPV into scale (the capital...

We show that the standard notion of residual income (RI) does not fulfill additive coherence. This gives rise to ambiguities and inconsistencies. The pitfall resides in the capital charge, which blends a non-market value with a market rate. We solve the problem by using a capital charge based on...

Dynamics. The Law of Motion -- Statics. The Law of Conservation -- Financial Statements -- Estimating the Cash Flows -- Valuation and Value Creation -- Project Appraisal -- The Quest for a Relative Approach -- Average Internal Rate of Return -- Internal Rate of Return -- Internal Average Rate of...