Sequences of decisions that occur under uncertainty arise in a variety of settings, including transportation, communication networks, finance, defence, etc. The classic approach to find an optimal decision policy for a sequential decision problem is dynamic programming; however its usefulness is...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the real urbanization level in China so as to provide a measurement that can be compared with the international level. Design/methodology/approach Taking into consideration 300m residents living in the administrative towns (300m residents here are...