"We find that veterans of the Union Army who faced greater wartime stress (as measured by higher battlefield mortality … rates) experienced higher mortality rates at older ages, but that men who were from more cohesive companies were … statistically significantly less likely to be affected by wartime stress. Our results hold for overall mortality, mortality from …

Has U.S. health care for the elderly become more equitable during the past several decades? When inequality is measured … their intrinsic shortcomings; expenditures depend on preferences, health status, and prices, while outcomes are strongly … affected by health behavior and past illness. We suggest a new approach to measuring inequality: the use of quality …