In a market where consumers choose between payment options and firms compete with products and prices, we show that payment data drives the formation of a market monopoly. A data-sharing policy can successfully restore and maintain a competitive market, but often at the expense of both...

Dinero Electrónico was a mobile payment system developed by the Banco Central del Ecuador that allowed citizens to transfer USD balances in real-time from person to person using basic cell phones. The program operated between 2014 and 2018. Key drivers of the program were increasing financial...

Transplants of donated stem cells save the lives of many patients with blood diseases. Donation is somewhat painful, but rarely has lasting adverse effects. Patients can accept transplants only from donors with compatible immune systems. Those lacking a sibling match must seek donations from the...

Capturing financial network linkages and contagion in stress test models are important goals for banking supervisors and central banks responsible for micro- and macroprudential policy. However, granular data on financial networks is often lacking, and instead the networks must be reconstructed...

In a market where consumers choose between payment options, and firms compete with products and prices, we show that payment data drives the formation of a market monopoly. Active intervention can successfully restore and maintain a competitive market, but often at the expense of both efficiency...

Upper limits in property insurance contracts can result directly from the consumer's demand for them. They are demanded because the consumer has options to convert or move out of damaged property rather than merely to restore it to its previous condition and occupy it. In the absence of...