The European Court of First Instance (CFI) rejected Microsoft's grounds for annulling the Commission's Decision that the software maker had abused its dominant position in computer operating systems by refusing to supply certain protocols for interoperating with rivals' computers and by tying...

This thesis focuses on collective dominance in horizontal concentrations as regulated under the EU Merger Regulation 139/2004. Chapter 1 introduces the issues that this thesis will examine. Chapter 2 focuses on the concept of collective dominance in mergers by setting out the characteristics of...

Under the present system of competition laws in India, the dominance per se is not bad, what is bad is the abuse of this dominant position. This module would enable the learners to, enumerate the conduct which would be termed as abuse under Competition Act, 2002. Explain the concept of ‘unfair...

Article 102 TFEU has been interpreted as prohibiting not only exclusionary abuses, but also exploitative ones. In particular, sub-section (a), which prohibits ‘directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices' by a dominant firm, has been understood as proscribing not only...

The aim of this paper is to provide a coherent approach to the prohibition of excessive pricing by dominant firms as an antitrust violation. It first highlights the rationale for the prohibition, and shows that the prohibition exists and is also enforced in many countries. It then shows why...

In this paper, the author reports on how the European and American Competition Authorities apprehend margin squeeze, viz. the fact for dominant undertakings operating simultaneously as vertically-integrated entities and as downstream market participants to increase wholesale prices by reducing...

The economics of competition law has been closely related to that of monopoly and the abuse of dominant position by firms. The paper aims to bring out the role of economics in the determination of abuse of dominant position by a firm in a free market with special emphasis on the factors that are...