and other monetary surrogates - in Russia. The empirical backbone of the paper is a survey of 350 - predominantly … costs of Russia's non-monetary economy, the paper discusses a number of policy options …

whether the lack of economic growth is caused by the lack of enterprise restructuring. Complicating the debate in Russia is … demonstrating why the virtual economy model fails to accurately depict economic actions or outcomes in Russia. We develop the … evidence of the lack of enterprise restructuring in Russia stem from: (1) the lack of clear consensus about what constitutes …

In the aftermath of sovereign default of August 1998, the hypothesis of virtual economy in Russia developed by Gaddy …

This paper analyzes relationships among money, barter, and inflation in Russia during the transition period. Following … contributed to generating persistent inflation and output decline in Russia …