The European Employment Strategy (EES) has been put in place in order to ensure the survival of the European Social Model in view of institutional change resulting from the introduction of the European Monetary System. It has become the platform of a method of open coordination of social and...

This paper puts emphasis on the earnings development at the lower end of the earnings distribution and its development over time. The main objective is, to provide more insight into the mechanism of impoverishment and marginalisation of various groups of people as well as the dynamics.