Using unpublished data contained in samples from the manuscripts of the 1870 and 1880 censuses of manufactures the earliest comprehensive estimates available this study examines the extent and correlates of part-year manufacturing during the late 19th century. While the typical manufacturing...

Establishment-level data are used to study capital deepening - increases in the capital-output ratio - in U.S. manufacturing from 1850 to 1880. In both nominal and real terms, the aggregate capital-output ratio rose substantially over the period. Capital deepening is shown to be especially...