This article analyses and discusses the update of the European Market Infrastructures Regulation (EMIR) as a consequence of the 2021-2023 energy crisis. More specifically, this article focuses on the modification of the margin requirements of central counterparties and more specifically on the...

The article aims to provide an overview of the derivatives market, with a focus on forward and futures contracts. In addition to general concepts, the study explores practical concepts such as daily settlement, margin requirements, basis, and price formation, with current examples from the...

Despite frequent debates on commodity prices, limited attention has been paid to the processes, strategies and practices through which commodity prices are 'made' and related institutions and infrastructures. 'World commodity prices' are not passively 'discovered' but are outcomes of contested...

The IMF Working Papers series is designed to make IMF staff research available to a wide audience. Almost 300 Working Papers are released each year, covering a wide range of theoretical and analytical topics, including balance of payments, monetary and fiscal issues, global liquidity, and...