Remanufacturing is recognized as a major circular economy option to recover and upgrade functions from post-use products. However, the inefficiencies associated with operations, mainly due to the uncertainty and variability of material flows and product conditions, undermine the growth of...

Remanufacture, a process of returning used products to “as-new” condition with matching guarantee, is commercially viable where the remaining value in the used product and the final selling price are much higher than the cost of the products’ rebuilding. Guide identified that...