The role of railways within urban areas is analysed, covering ‘metro’ systems (self-contained heavy rail networks, often with substantial underground sections), light rail (both upgraded street tramways and newer systems), and travel by regional and national railways within urban areas....

It's important to explore ways to integrate bus and rail transit by combining both the effects of the built environment and their competition. Using Wuhan city in China as a case study, this study develops gradient boosting decision trees(GBDTs) to examine the threshold range of built...