In this contribution, we investigate the role of ownership chains developed by multinational enterprises across different national borders. First, we document that parent companies control a majority (58%) of foreign subsidiaries through indirect control relationships involving at least two...

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are increasingly dealing with challenges shaped by the new geopolitical and trade environments. Besides traditional tariffs, exporting firms need to comply with regulatory non-tariff measures (NTMs) in the form of technical barriers to trade (TBTs) and sanitary...

1 Introduction -- 2 General information -- 3 The Enormous Pace of Infrastructural Development -- 4 Internationalisation of China -- 5 Energy Supply -- 6 Market Opportunities -- 7 Economic Hubs -- 8 Labour Market and Education -- 9 Understanding the Chinese Culture -- 10 General Business...