Few would deny that the European Commission has an impressive track record with respect to anti-cartel enforcement. At present, however, a lacuna exists with respect to its enforcement powers: it cannot to impose fines on natural persons who are responsible for their companies’ cartel...

The Securities and Exchange of Board of India (SEBI) is one of the most powerful regulators in India. As the regulator of one of the world's largest capital markets, it has a range of enforcement tools at its disposal, such as the imposition of monetary penalties, ordering the disgorgement of...

When Derek Chauvin knelt on George Floyd’s neck for more than nine minutes, and when Jason Van Dyke fired sixteen rounds at Laquan McDonald who was walking away from the responding officers, were Chauvin and Van Dyke acting exclusively of their own volition, or were their actions indicative of...

In this article, we examine the effects of LASPO on measures of court efficiency. We focus on family law, since LASPO kept public family law proceedings in its scope but made almost the entirety of private family law unavailable for legal aid. We find an increase in the number of Litigants in...

This chapter speaks to the use of civil sanctions in public enforcement of laws governing marketplace competition, with a focus on civil sanctions under the Sherman Act, FTC Act, and parallel state law in the United States.The chapter argues that the use of civil sanctions in private enforcement...

Antitrust enforcement in the United States has declined since the 1960s. Building on several new datasets, we argue that this decline did not reflect a popular demand for weaker enforcement or any other kind of democratic sanction. The decline was engineered by unelected regulators and judges...

During arbitration proceedings protection of parties' rights is essential and for that purpose tribunals often refer to interim protection. The authority of arbitral tribunals to grant interim provisional measures can be considered as a well-recognized feature of international arbitration. Those...

In most jurisdictions, antitrust fines are based on affected commerce rather than on collusive profits, and in some others, caps on fines are introduced based on total firm sales rather than on affected commerce. We uncover a number of distortions that these policies generate, propose simple...

Data breaches account for a significant share of cyber attacks. While they severely impact customers, who lose valuable personal data, they often have a limited effect on the operations of data holding companies. This might lead firms to underinvest in cybersecurity. Does stronger data...