The majority of firms in developing countries are informal, and encouraging them to register with the tax authority has proven challenging and costly. This paper argues that incomplete tax filing among registered firms constitutes an important intermediate form of informality, which can be...

Using the ideological perspective of Critical Race Theory, I will attempt to analyze an explain the root of white supremacy in the state, state laws and law enforcement and how it targets black bodies, males in particular.Throughout history black and brown bodies, males in particular, have been...

Monitoring and enforcement can have significant impacts on the environmental and economic consequences of environmental laws. Theory and empirical evidence on monitoring and enforcement may provide evidence about which instruments are most likely to lead to high compliance and at what cost –...

We find that non-Big 4 audit offices with greater awareness of SEC enforcement are more likely to issue first-time going concern reports to distressed clients; where SEC “awareness” is measured using (1) audit office proximity to SEC regional offices, and (2) proximity to specific SEC...

This article attempts to show a jurisdictional conflict, while litigating intellectual property in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). At the global level, the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement body has jurisdiction to deal with any matters related to intellectual property....

Tougher enforcement of the anti-monopoly law in China is expected to open markets and bolster the competition environment. In response, Korean companies must make efforts to take full advantage these changes to expand their business into the Chinese market while avoiding the risk of violating...

Formal enforcement actions issued against banks for violations of laws and regulations related to safety and soundness can theoretically have both positive and negative effects on the terms of lending. Using data on such enforcement actions issued against U.S. banks, we show that they have a...

We use a natural experiment — an unexpected judicial decision — to study how the legal enforceability of debt contracts affects consumer lending. In May 2015, a federal court unexpectedly held that the usury laws of three states — New York, Connecticut, and Vermont — applied to certain...

Economic analyses of law enforcement generally focus on situations in which law is enforced by a single public agency in a single jurisdiction which faithfully follows its announced enforcement strategy. This does not reflect the reality of enforcement aimed at corporate crime, which commonly...